Human Heart: Anatomy, Physiology and fact's about Human Heart

HEART - CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM

Human Heart: Anatomy, Physiology, and fact's about Human Heart

Heart: Cardio-Vascular System

The cardio-Vascular system is a closed circulatory system that transports respiratory gases and excretory products, through the medium of blood to various parts of the body.

Size Of Human Heart:-

Size of Own Fist(मुट्ठी) approx

12c.m long & 9c.m wide at it's broadest point 

6c.m thick

Weight:-

300gm approx in male

250gm approx in female

Part:-

Apex:- Apex is slightly towards left 2/3 mass of Heart lies on the left side.

Base:- Base is extended on the 2nd Rib

Structure Of Heart:-

Heart made by mainly Three Layers.

1. Epicardium(External Layer):- Pericardial Fluid

2. MyoCardium(Middle Layer):- Cardiac Muscle Tissue

3. Endocardium(Inner Layer):- Provide Smooth Lining

Diagram/Structure of Heart:-

Anatomy of Heart:-

The heart is made up of 4 Chambers

2 Atrium and 2 Ventricles.

>Atrium are filling chambers and they have thin walls.

>Ventricles are emptying chambers and they have Thick walls to push the blood in the circulatory system.

1. Right Atrium:- It is above and to the right side of the heart. Superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body.

and Inferior Vena cava bring Deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body

 

2.Right Ventricle:- This ventricle is on the right side. it has thick walls as compared to the right atrium. but thinner than the left ventricle. it open in the pulmonary artery. 

these arteries carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation. these artery divided into two Branch-

Right Pulmonary artery passes the right lung

Left Pulmonary artery passes the left lung.

3. Left Atrium:- Left atrium (LA) after receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs 

through the pulmonary veins, pumps the blood into the left ventricle 

(LV) via the left atria ventricular orifice.

4. Left Ventricle:- LV then pumps the blood to the body tissues for supplying oxygen to every body cell, through the aorta. LV has a thicker myocardium layer (for stronger contractions) and contains rough ridges called trabeculae carnage (for containing a 

the larger blood volume in exercising conditions).

RA and LA are separated by a central heart wall called interatrial 

the septum, while RV and LV are separated by the interventricular septum.

Note: Coronary arteries (from the first branching of the aorta) supply 

oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle.

Heart valves

>Two heart valves located between atria and ventricles are called

atrioventricular valves (AV valves) which include the tricuspid

the valve between RA and RV, and bicuspid valve (or mitral valve)

between LA and LV.

>Two heart valves located at the exiting arteries are called semilunar valves (SL valves) which include the pulmonic semilunar valve at the base of the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic semilunar valve at the base of the aorta.

>Each AV valve consists of cusps (extensions of endocardium), chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles (the latter two are designed to prevent eversion of the cusps into the atria).

>AV valves prevent backflow into atria, while SL valves prevent backflow into ventricles.

Circulation Pathways:

1. The pulmonary circuit allows deoxygenated blood to be transported into the lungs for gas exchange so that oxygenated blood can once again flow into the left heart 

2. Deoxygenated blood from body tissues → superior & inferior vena cava → RA →tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonic SL valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs (gas exchange occurs) → oxygenated blood travels in pulmonary veins → LA → bicuspid valve → LV.

Coronary circuit

1. The coronary circuit allows oxygenated blood to be delivered to cardiac muscle cells in the heart wall, and its deoxygenated blood is drained back to the RA – Oxygenated blood in LV → aortic SL valve →aorta → coronary arteries → arterioles →capillaries in the myocardium (gas exchange occurs)→deoxygenated blood travels into venules →cardiac veins → coronary sinus→RA.

Systemic Circuit

1. The systemic circuit allows oxygenated blood from the left heart to be delivered to tissue cells through arteries and arterioles, and deoxygenated blood is transported back to the right heart through veins and venues.

2.Oxygenated blood in LV → aortic SL valve → 

aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries in 

tissues (gas exchange occurs) → deoxygenated 

blood travels in venules → veins → superior & 

inferior vena cava → RA.

Physiology/Function of Human Heart:-

•Arteries - Oxygenated Blood 

(exception Pulmonary Arteries)

•Veins - Deoxygenated Blood 

(exception Pulmonary Veins)

• Superior vena cava - deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body

• Inferior vena cava - deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body

• Right Atrium →Via Tricuspid valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Arteries → Right and Left Lung → pickup oxygenated blood and release deoxygenated blood → Pulmonary Veins (carry pure blood) → Left Atrium →Via Bicuspid valve → Left Ventricle → Aorta → All Body

Blood Vessels:-

1. Arteries:- Carry Blood away from Heart.

Carry Oxygenated blood except for Pulmonary Arteries

arteries made by 3 layers

1. Tunica Internal

2. Tunic Media

3. Tunica External

2. Arterioles:- Deliver blood to capillaries.

3. Venules:- Capillaries unite to form venules

collect blood from capillaries and deliver to veins.

4. Veins:- Veins carry blood toward the Heart. carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins

diameter 0.1mm to 1mm.

tunica internal is thin

some veins have a valve.

Blood pressure (120/80 mmHg):-

• Systolic pressure is the highest pressure attained in the aorta and peripheral arteries when blood is ejected by the ventricles into the aorta.

• Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure attained during the relaxation or diastolic phase of the heart. 

• Mean arterial blood pressure is the highest in the aorta and large arteries (100 Hg).

• It sharply decreases in small arteries and even more in arterioles (30 mmHg).

• After passage through the capillaries and in the small veins the pressure is about 15.

• It falls to about 5mmHg upon entering the R. atrium.

Risk factors for stroke:- 

 1. Alcohol consumption 

 2. Diabetes 

 3. Elevated serum cholesterol 

 4. Family history of cardiovascular disease 

 5. Hypertension

 6. Smoking 

 7. Transient ischemic attacks

Cardiovascular Disorder:-

1. Hypertension:- (High B.P) - If Diastolic pressure greater than 90mm of Hg and Systolic pressure greater than 150mm Hg.

Hypertension is 2 types.

(a) Primary Hypertension

(b) Secondary Hypertension

2. Hypertension:- (Low B.P) - 

Systolic B.P<100mm of Hg

Diastolic B.P<80mm of Hg

3. Arteriosclerosis:- Hardening and Narrowing of Arteries.

4. Thrombosis:- 

Formation of a solid clot during Blood Circulation.

1.Arteries Thrombosis:- Arterial Thrombosis

2. Veins Thrombosis:- Venous Thrombosis

5. Hemorrhage:- Escape of Blood From Vessel.

Cardiac Disorder:-

1. Angina Pectoris:- known as chest pain.

occurs due to Ischemia (low O2 Supply).

Chest Discomfort, pressure & chest pain.

2. Myocardial Infarction:- 

Reduction in coronary blood flow

more intense of proudest 

3. Congestive Heart failure:- 

Progressive Breathlessness

Cardiac Output is low.

symptoms of heart failure are a pain in the left arm and finger and then low jaw.

4. Cardiac Arrhythmias:- 

The abnormal rhythm of the heart.

Techy Cardio - increase in heart rate

Brady Cardia - Decrease in Heart Rate.

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