Blood- Study of Hematology 

Blood- Blood is a connective tissue, which is fluid in nature this is connect various part of body

Blood Components- 

• Blood Plasma
• formed elements (cell)- RBC, WBC, Platelets.

RBC- is caller Erythrocytes

WBC- is called Leucocytes

Platelets-is called- Thrombocytes

Blood Composition- Blood Contain a fluid is called Blood Plasma(55%)

(A) Blood Plasma- Contain 91.5% of water.

>Plasma Protein 7%

Plasma protein Contain- 

>Albumin - (54%)

>Globulin - (38%)

>Fibrinogen- (7%) - (it help in blood clotting)

>Other Substance - (1.5%)

like - Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca²+

          Nutrition - Carbohydrate, Protein, lipid

          Gases - Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen

Albumin- it is present in very high Concentration

Responsible for osmotic pressure of blood.

Synthesised in the Liver.

Globulin- it is Three Type

• Alpha
• Gamma
• Beta

It is Produced in Lymphoid Tissues.

it is produces antibodies and immune substance.

Fibrinogen- Responsible for Coagulation of Blood

it is synthesised in the liver

Function of Plasma Protein-

• Transport hormones, iron and other substance.
• Regulate Blood Volume, exert osmotic pressure.
• provide viscosity to blood. which help maintaining Blood Pressure.
• Fibrinogen necessary for blood clotting.

(B) Formed Elements (Blood Cells)-

1. RBC (Erythrocytes)- 

• Normal RBC Count in Females is 4.8 million/micro liter (mcl)
• In Male 5.4 million/Micro liter
• Biconcave shape
• without Nucleus
• Life span 120 days
• Diameter 7.8 micro meter
• Birth in Bone marrow
• Died In spleen

Function of RBC-

• Transport Oxygen from lungs to Tissue.
• Transport carbon dioxide from Tissue to lungs.

2. WBC (Leucocytes)-

• WBC count in human body 5,000 - 10,000 mcl
• Nucleus is present.
• Hemoglobin is Absent.
• WBC is divided in 2 part

1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes

1.Granulocytes Contain-

• Neutrophils- (60-70% of WBC)- they Contain granular cytoplasm which stains with neutral dies. Neutrophils destruction of the bacteria. in the Neutrophils the nucleus contain 2 to 5 lobes.
• Eosinophils- (4% of WBC)- Destruction of parasite worm
• Basophils- (0.t to 1% of WBC)- Basophils contain Heparin and Histamine. Nucleus is Present and Nucleus is in kidney shape

2.Agranulocytes is divided in 2 part

• Lymphocytes- (20-25%) function of lymphocytes is antigen or antibodies reaction. they are two types: the small and the large one. lymphocytes take up a blue stain. the large lymphocytes containing more cytoplasm
• Monocytes- (2-4% of WBC)- large monocytes measures about 18mirco in diameter. among the WBC. they are the largest size. they give faint blue stain. they are horse shoe shaped.

Function of WBC- 

• Phagocytosis - cell eating
• act as Scavengers
• antibody formation
• Beta cells- secrete antibodies
• T Cells- Attack virus and Cancer cells
• Natural Killer cells- Killed another viruses 

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)- 

• Normal count in human 1,50000- 4,00000 mcL 
• Life Span 5-10 days
• round or oval shaped cell with biconvex surface
• platelets do not have a nucleus

Function of Platelets-

• Blood Clotting
• repair the capillary leak by adhering and patching up the ruptured capillaries.
• they aid syneresis
• conation antigenic substance
• they are synthesised by megakaryocytes known as giant cells.
• they contain histamine and serotonin.
• body defence mechanism against Bacteria.

BLOOD CLOTTING

Coagulation of blood- 

formation of clotting prevent the loss of blood is known as Coagulation.

Blood Clotting Steps-

1. Activation of Prothrombin(Prothrombin present in plasma)

2. Convert of Prothrombin into thrombin  in presence of Ca²+ & Other factor.

3. Conversion of Fibrinogen in fibrin by Active thrombin. 

Important Clotting Factor-

How these Clotting Factor Work-

functioning

Disorder of Blood

What are blood cell disorders?

A blood cell disorder is a condition in which there’s a problem with your red blood cells, white blood cells, or the smaller circulating cells called platelets, which are critical for clot formation. All three cell types form in the bone marrow, which is the soft tissue inside your bones. Red blood cells transport oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues. White blood cells help your body fight infections. Platelets help your blood to clot. Blood cell disorders impair the formation and function of one or more of these types of blood cells.

What are the symptoms of blood cell disorders?

Symptoms will vary depending on the type of blood cell disorder. Common symptoms of red blood cell disorders are:

fatigue

shortness of breath

trouble concentrating from lack of oxygenated blood in the brain

muscle weakness

a fast heartbeat

Common symptoms of white blood cell disorders are:

chronic infections

fatigue

unexplained weight loss

malaise, or a general feeling of being unwell

Common symptoms of platelet disorders are:

cuts or sores that don’t heal or are slow to heal

blood that doesn’t clot after an injury or cut

skin that bruises easily

unexplained nosebleeds or bleeding from the gums

There are many types of blood cell disorders that can greatly affect your overall health.

Red blood cell disorders

Red blood cell disorders affect the body’s red blood cells. These are cells in your blood that carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. There are a variety of these disorders, which can affect both children and adults.

Anemia

Anemia is one type of red blood cell disorder. A lack of the mineral iron in your blood commonly causes this disorder. Your body needs iron to produce the protein hemoglobin, which helps your red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. There are many types of anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia: Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body does not have enough iron. You may feel tired and short of breath because your RBCs are not carrying enough oxygen to your lungs. Iron supplementation usually cures this type of anemia.

Pernicious anemia: Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition in which your body is unable to absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B-12. This results in a low number of RBCs. It is called “pernicious,” meaning dangerous, because it used to be untreatable and often fatal. Now, B-12 injections usually cure this type of anemia.

Aplastic anemia: Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious condition in which your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. It can occur suddenly or slowly, and at any age. It can leave you feeling tired and unable to fight off infections or uncontrolled bleeding.

Polycythemia: increase RBC count is known as Polycythemia. it occur following condition. At hight altitude or places where low of oxygen content of air. during muscular exercise,loss of body water,

White blood cell disorders

White blood cells (leukocytes) help defend the body against infection and foreign substances. White blood cell disorders can affect your body’s immune response and your body’s ability to fight off infection. These disorders can affect both adults and children.

Leukemia

Leukemia is blood cancer in which malignant white blood cells multiply inside your body’s bone marrow. Leukemia may be either acute or chronic. Chronic leukemia advances more slowly.

Leukopenia

Decrease in number of leucocytes below 4000/cmm in the blood Neutrophils are the white blood cells that protect you from fungal and bacterial infections. Leukopenia is so often caused from a decrease in neutrophils that some people use the terms “leukopenia” and “neutropenia” interchangeably.

Another common type of leukopenia is lymphocytopenia, which is when you have too few lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that protect you from viral infections.

Symptoms of leukopenia

You probably won’t notice any signs of leukopenia. But if your white cell counts are very low, you may have signs of infection, including:

fever higher than 100.5˚F (38˚C)

chills

sweating

Platelets disorders

Blood platelets are the first responders when you have a cut or other injury. They gather at the site of the injury, creating a temporary plug to stop blood loss. If you have a platelet disorder, your blood has one of three abnormalities:

Not enough platelets. Having too few platelets is quite dangerous because even a small injury can cause serious blood loss.

Too many platelets. If you have too many platelets in your blood, blood clots can form and block a major artery, causing a stroke or heart attack.

Platelets that don’t clot correctly. Sometimes, deformed platelets can’t stick to other blood cells or the walls of your blood vessels, and so can’t clot properly. This can also lead to a dangerous loss of blood.

Platelet disorders are primarily genetic, meaning they are inherited. Some of these disorders include:

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is probably the best-known blood clotting disorder. It occurs almost always in males. The most serious complication of hemophilia is excessive and prolonged bleeding. This bleeding can be either inside or outside your body. The bleeding can start for no apparent reason. Treatment involves a hormone called decompression for mild type A, which can promote release of more of the reduced clotting factor, and infusions of blood or plasma for types B and C.

Purpura or Thrombocytopenia: in this Disease the platelets count is decrease. it may prove serious danger internal haemorrhage

Thrombocytosis or Thrombosis: in this disease the platelets count is increase that known as Thrombosis Thrombosis is intravascular clotting of the blood slowed down circulation, atherosclerosis causing narrow that causing inner walls of blood vessel

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