Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates

I damn sure that you might familiar with this term earlier before in your daily life cycle, but did you know its exact meaning..! No. problem buddy then blog is for you .

Now the first question rises Here is that  

Question:- What is Carbohydrate?

                      

Answer:- Carbohydrate are define as Polyhydroxy, Aldehyde, or ketone group and their derivates or Substance which one of these substance on hydrolysis.

>Three Elements are present in Carbohydrate

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

>Carbohydrate have an empirical formula

  Cm(H2O)n

Role Of Carbohydrates:- 

• Chief Source of energy
• Carbohydrates derivatives are used as drug like Cardiac glycoside and antibiotics.

Question:- Write the Classification Carbohydrates?

(What are 4 types of carbohydrates?)

Answer:- Carbohydrate are classified in four group

>MONOSACCHARIDE [MO]

>DISACCHARIDE         [ DI ] मोदी ओपो

>OLIGOSACCHARIDE [ O  ]

>POLYSACCHARIDE   [ PO]

1.Monosaccharide- [(CH₂O)n]

Monosaccharide Contain one molecule of simple sugar. these are simple unit of carbohydrates and can not be hydrolysis. aldose and ketose depending on the presents of Aldehyde and Ketone Groups.

>Aldose have Aldehyde Group

>Ketose have Ketone Group

2.Disaccharide- 

General formula of disaccharide is $C_{12}{H}_{22}{O}_{11}$

Formation of disaccharide:-

When two monosaccharides react in a condensation reaction the products are a disaccharide and a molecule of water, an ether or glycosidic, link joins $2$ monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.

Sucrose, lactose and maltose are isomers, they have the same chemical formula, $C_{12}{H}_{22}{O}_{11}$ , but different structures

Disaccharide have two molecules of monosaccharide on Hydrolysis

Monosaccharide+Monosaccharide

1. Reducing Sugar - Maltose, Lactose

2. Non Reducing Sugar - Sucrose

3.Oligosaccharide-

Two and then molecules of  Monosaccharide on hydrolysis

Monosaccharide+Disaccharide = Oligosaccharide

ex. Stachyose, Raffinose 

4.Polysaccharide-  

(C₆H₁₀O₅)_n

More than Ten Molecules of Monosaccharide on Hydrolysis

ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen, dextran, Heparin

Question- write the structure of-

1. D-Glucose

2. Sucrose

3. Lactose

Answer:- 

1. Structure of D-Glucose

2. Structure of Sucrose

3. Structure of Lactose

Now here the question is arises that is there any way to check the amount of Carbohydrates.?

Question- Write the General Identification Test of Carbohydrates.?

                                Identification test of Carbohydrate

Answer - Mainly we have 9 test to identify the Carbohydrate which are :-

1. Dry Heating Test- on Heating in the test tube of the carbohydrate undergo Caring and producing the Characteristics  smell of Burnt Sugar.

2. Concentration Sulphuric Acid Test- on Heating with Sulphuric Acid concentrated Carbohydrate undergo caring with the smell of burnt sugar.

3. Molisch Test- Dilute solution of substance in a test tube and add few drop of sulphuric acid slowly slowly from the wall of test tube and add some drop of molisch reagent. appearance of deep violet colour ring at the junction of T.T. two layer indicates carbohydrate.

4. Fehling Tests- A pinch of sample  added in test tube and add some drop of fehling reagent in sample and heat it in a water bar  the appearance Brick Red Colour ppt indicate Carbohydrate present.

( >Sample+Fehling Reagent(A&B) =∆= Brick red Colour ppt)

5. Iodine Test- add iodine reagent to a solution of substance development of colour indicates the presence of polysaccharide. 

(Blue colour - starch, Red colour - Glycogen, Purple colour - Amylopectin, Brown colour - Dextran)

6. Benedict test- Boil 1ml of the compound solution with benedict reagent 2ml or 2 min formation of green colour, or Orange,  Red ppt. indicate the presence reducing sugar

7. Barfoed Test- Boiling the compound solution 1ml with Barfoed reagent 2ml and observe the colour of Brick Red Colour  is formed. then confirmed the presence of monosaccharide and disaccharide.

8. Saliwanoff's Test- Compound sol. 1 ml is boiled for 1 min. with freshly prepared saliwanoff 's reagent 5ml.  appearance of Cherry Red Colour the presence of fructose.

9. Osazone Test- Sample+Reagent =∆= Red Colour

Most of the people basically don't know about this fact that is excessive amount of carbohydrates causes many toxic disease.

Question- Write the Disease related to carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer- 

1. Diabetes Mellitus- The normal Blood pressure is 80-120. due to deficiency of insulin their is derangement in carbohydrate metabolism.

This lead to an increase in blood glucose level. this condition is called as Diabetes mellitus.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus-

1.Polyphagia- increase Appetite

2.Polydypsia- Increase Thirst

3.Polyuria- Increase Urine Output

Treatment-

>Intake low carbohydrate and high protein diet

>Oral Anti diabetes drug for mild Diabetes

>Injection of Insulin for severe case of Diabetes

2. Hypoglycemia- it is a decrease in Blood sugar to level below 60 mg% .

Symptoms- 

1.feeling of hunger

2.Headache

3.tremors

4.Sweating

Cause-

Increase Production of insulin

liver damage cause by liver poison

increase activities of pancreas in new born children  to a Diabetes mother.

3. Glycosuria- it is a condition in which glucose is excreted in urine. glucose is normally present in the glomerular filtration. in some concentration as in blood plasma.

Thank you guys for reading my blog. i hope you guys enjoy this. 

if you want to read acid base buffer then check out my last post. 

Thank you.